Key notes:
How many types (typical) ?
- Transverse
- Short-transverse (Non-uniform contraction through thickness)
- Longitudinal

Thermal expansion is the greatest affecting factor (Alu, SS)
“Yield strength – Y.S direct proportion with Residual Stress BUT Y.S is inverse proportion with Distortion (Because of elastic state/thermal expansion)“.

Neutral axis welding for distortion prevention
Strong-backing method used for Thicker plate only.
Back step/Skip welding method used for Thinner plate
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